What is parathyroid cancer?

Last medical review:

Parathyroid cancer starts in the cells of a parathyroid gland. The parathyroid glands are in your neck, on or close to the thyroid. They help control the amount of calcium in your blood by making a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Cells in a parathyroid gland sometimes change and no longer grow or behave normally. These changes may lead to non-cancerous conditions such as parathyroid hyperplasia. They can also lead to non-cancerous tumours such as a parathyroid adenoma.

But in some cases, changes to the cells of a parathyroid gland can cause cancer. A cancerous (malignant) tumour is a group of cancer cells that can grow into nearby tissue and destroy it. The tumour can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Parathyroid cancer is a very rare type of cancer. It is also called parathyroid carcinoma.

Expert review and references

  • Jesse Pasternak, MD, MPH, FRCSC
  • Hadoux J, Lamarca A, Grande E, Baudin E and Berruti A. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of head and neck, genitourinary and gynaecological systems, unknown primaries, parathyroid carcinomas and intrathyroid thymic neoplasms: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. ESMO Open. 2024: 6(10):103664.
  • Fingeret AL. Contemporary Evaluation and Management of Parathyroid Carcinoma. An American Society of Clinical Oncology Journal. 17(1):17—21.
  • McInerney NJ, Moran T, and O'Duffy F. Parathyroid carcinoma: Current management and outcomes – A systematic review. American Journal of Otolaryngology. 44(4):103843.

The parathyroid glands

The parathyroid glands are in the neck and are part of the endocrine system. They make and release parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps control the amount of calcium in the blood.

Conditions and tumours of the parathyroid glands

Parathyroid cancer is extremely rare. A problem with a parathyroid gland is usually caused by a non-cancerous tumour or condition.

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